AP世界史教学方法

　　AP世界史的教学方法：从教材选用说起(世界史课程系列文章之二)

　　让我们回到世界史的学习上来。

　　在和第一位家长讨论世界史的教材问题时，我们就产生了分歧。家长希望用孩子学校里专门准备AP的缩写本。我比较倾向于用大学版，大概厚一点点。家长的理由是：学校用的就是那个教材，再找一本教材孩子负担太重。这都非常可以理解。但是，我毕竟是美国大学里的历史教授。AP历史，都是大学入门级的历史课，正是我教的范围。对自己的领域，我还是有些发言权。

　　学历史，我最反对缩写版的读法。第一，阅读量少，不利于孩子增加词汇量。丧失了阅读练习的机会。这一点，对于孩子考SAT的学生特别重要。第二，缩写版没有深入细致讨论的空间，就剩下干巴巴的几个条条。一本书翻来覆去地读，成了死记硬背，压力也不会减小。

　　从我个人的经验来看，读厚点的书，多读点书，准备其实更容易。我自己准备历史课高考时，别人都看高中教材，翻来覆去地背，我则最多看上两遍，不会不断重复，留出精力看范文澜等等，这些“课外书”当然要厚多少倍。在那个时代，这种“厚书”读来有意思得多。后来发现，读大部头，不用背，考试内容全记住了。高考时分还特别高。当时我算是“学霸”，老师总让我给同学传授学习方法。有一次还专门留出45分钟一堂课来，让全班听我讲怎么读书。但一听我是这些方法，同学们全吓跑了。结果，我们班50个人高考，只有我和两个女生考上。我是北京市文科前15名，历史分数最高。回想一下，我赢在方法上。因为在厚一点的书里，考试要点其实都潜移默化地反复讨论过。想忘也忘不了。多读几本书，更能换不同的角度看待同样的历史问题，思路大为开阔。

　　这些经验，对于准备AP历史考试更为重要。当年中国的历史高考，有标准答案，有全国统编教材，全记住了确实应该万无一失。AP历史课程，则无标准答案，没有统编教材。设计AP考试的大学委员会，仅给出了一系列推荐教材，称这些教材覆盖了AP考试的要求。我们分析一下推荐教材目录就可以看出，所有这些教材，全是大学版的教材。那种简写版的AP专用教材，都不在推荐教材的目录中。也就是说，这些简写教材很可能没有达到AP主考机构的要求。

　　为什么如此?看看AP世界史的考试设计就明白：有一半的分数是写作，要你讨论各种历史问题，包括现场读若干史料提出自己的分析。这些技能，靠背简写版的书是学不到的。反而是多读几本书，多读些补充材料，活跃思想，写起来才更有灵感。比如，有道题让学生比较15-18世纪印度洋商路、丝绸之路、和从南部撒哈拉到北非的商路，涉及地理、生态、人文政治环境等等。这里根本没有标准答案，想得高分就要滔滔不绝、显示出自己知识丰富、逻辑连贯、分析精锐。这是很常规世界史作文题。不博览群书、死盯着一本书背，碰到这种题不遭滑铁卢才怪呢。

　　以下是大学委员会网站公布的AP世界史推荐读物。注意，其中包括不少史料辅助读物，对于应付考试很有帮助。

　　AP World History:

　　Example Textbook List

　　The list below represents examples of textbooks that meet the curricular requirements of AP World History. The list below is not exhaustive and the texts listed should not be regarded as endorsed, authorized, recommended, or approved by the College Board. Not using a book from this list does not mean that a course will not receive authorization. Syllabi submitted as part of the AP Course Audit process will be evaluated holistically, with textbooks considered along with supplementary, supporting resources to confirm that the course as a whole provides students with the content delineated in the curricular requirements of the AP Course Audit.

　　The specified editions of the following textbooks meet the AP World History AP Course Audit curricular requirements. Earlier editions of these texts or other textbooks not listed here may meet the AP Course Audit curricular requirements if supplemented with appropriate college-level instructional resources. For discussions regarding the usefulness of these texts and other teaching materials in the AP World History classroom, please consult the AP World History Teacher Community.

　　Index of Textbooks

　　Adas, Michael, Marc J. Gilbert, Peter Stearns, and Stuart B. Schwartz. World Civilizations: The Global Experience. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. All editions published from 2007 to the present.

　　Bentley, Jerry and Herbert Ziegler. Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. New York: McGraw-Hill. All editions published from 2007 to the present.

　　Bulliet, Richard, Daniel R. Headrick, David Northrup, Lyman L. Johnson, and Pamela Kyle Crossley. The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History,. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. All editions published from 2007 to the present.

　　Dunn, Ross E. and Laura J. Mitchell. Panorama: A World History. New York: McGraw-Hill. All editions published from 2014 to the present.

　　Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. The World: A History. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. All editions published from 2006 to the present.

　　Goucher, Candice and Linda Walton. World History: Journeys from Past to Present. New York: Routledge. All editions published from 2013 to the present.

　　Hansen, Valerie, and Kenneth R. Curtis. Voyages in World History. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. All editions published from 2008 to the present

　　Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. All editions published from 2008 to the present.

　　McKay, John P, Bennett D. Hill, John Buckler, Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Roger B. Beck, Clare HaruCrowston, and Merry W. Wiesner-Hanks. A History of World Societies. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. All editions published from 2011 to the present.

　　Reilly, Kevin. The Human Journey. New York: Rowman& Littlefield. All editions published from 2012 to the present.

　　Smith, Bonnie G., Marc Van De Mieroop, Richard Van Glahn, and Kris Lane. Crossroads and Cultures, A History of the World's Peoples. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s. All editions published from 2012 to the present.

　　Spodek, Howard. World's History. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. All editions published from 2005 to the present.

　　Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Global History. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. All editions published from 2009 to the present.

　　Tignor, Robert, et al. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World from the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present. New York: W.W. Norton. All editions published from 2008 to the present

　　Von Sivers, Peter, Charles A. Desnoyers and George Stow. Patterns of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. All editions published from 2011 to the present.

　　AP World History Supplementary Readers

　　Andrea, Alfred J., and James H. Overfield. The Human Record: Sources of Global History. Vols. 1 and 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. All editions published from 1998 to the present.

　　Johnson, Oliver A., and James Halverson. Sources of World Civilization. Vols. 1 and 2. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. All editions published from 1999 to the present.

　　Kishlansky, Mark, and Susan Lindsey Lively. Sources of World History: Readings for World Civilization. Vols. 1 and 2. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. All editions published from 1998 to the present.

　　Pomeranz, Kenneth L., James B. Given, and Laura J. Mitchell. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, A Companion Reader. New York: W.W. Norton. All editions published from 2010 to the present.

　　Reilly, Kevin. Worlds of History: A Comparative Reader. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. All editions published from 1999 to the present.

　　Sherman, Dennis, David Rosner, Tom A. Grunfield, Gerald Markowitz, and Linda Heywood. World Civilizations: Sources, Images and Interpretations. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: McGraw-Hill. All editions published from 1997 to the present.

　　Stearns, Peter, Stephen S. Gosch, and Erwin P. Grieshaber. Documents in World History. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Longman. All editions published from 1998 to the present.

　　Wiesner, Merry E., William Bruce Wheeler, Franklin M. Doeringer, and Melvin E. Page. Discovering the Global Past: A Look at the Evidence. Vols. 1 and 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. All editions published from 1997 to the present.

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