hitherto是一个雅思常考词汇，这个词的常用解释为ad. 到目前为止， 迄今，这个词在很多英文原版小说中怎么应用呢，今天小编就带您了解一下。
在简·奥斯汀的《爱玛》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- With the exception of this little blot, Emma found that his visit hitherto had given her friend only good ideas of him.
-- There was one, however, which Emma thought something of. The two last dances before supper were be-gun, and Harriet had no partner; the only young lady sitting down; and so equal had been hitherto the num-ber of dancers, that how there could be any one disengaged was the wonder! But Emma's wonder lessened soon after-wards, on seeing Mr. Elton sauntering about.
-- It must be her ardent wish that Harriet might be disap-pointed; and she hoped, that when able to see them together again, she might at least be able to ascertain what the chanc-es for it were. She should see them henceforward with the closest observance; and wretchedly as she had hitherto mis-understood even those she was watching, she did not know how to admit that she could be blinded here. He was ex-pected back every day.
在托马斯·哈代的《远离尘嚣》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- "Hundred and seventeen," chuckled another old gentleman, given to mental arithmetic and little conversation, who had hitherto sat unobserved in a corner.
-- That he was not beloved had hitherto been his great sorrow; that Bathsheba was getting into the toils was now a sorrow greater than the first, and one which nearly obscured it.
-- She hated questioning Liddy about her husband's movements, and indeed had hitherto sedulously avoided doing so; but now all the house knew that there had been some dreadful disagreement between them, and it was futile to attempt disguise.
-- She noticed that instead of entering the small parlour or office where the farm accounts were kept, and waiting, or leaving a memorandum as he had hitherto done during her seclusion, Oak never came at all when she was likely to be there, only entering at unseasonable hours when her presence in that part of the house was least to be expected.
在巴尔扎克的《高老头》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- Once every year she tried to see him to deliver her mother's message of forgiveness, but every year hitherto she had knocked at that door in vain; her father was inexorable.
在玛丽·雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- There for with your leave, my sister, I will put some trust in preceding navigators there snow and frost are ban-ished; and, sailing over a calm sea, we may be wafted to a land surpassing in wonders and in beauty every region hitherto discovered on the habitable globe.
-- No incidents have hitherto befallen us that would make a figure in a letter.
-- Her health, and even the tranquillity of her hitherto constant spirit, had been shaken by what she had gone through.
-- I had hitherto attended the schools of Geneva, but my father thought it necessary for the comple- tion of my education that I should be made acquainted with other customs than those of my native country.
-- My life had hitherto been remarkably secluded and domestic, and this had given me invincible repugnance to new countenances.
在乔纳森•斯威夫特的《格列夫游记》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- I told his majesty, 'that I was come according to my promise, and with the license of the emperor my master, to have the honour of seeing so mighty a monarch, and to offer him any service in my power, con-sistent with my duty to my own prince;' not mentioning a 86 Gulliver's Travelsword of my disgrace, because I had hitherto no regular in-formation of it, and might suppose myself wholly ignorant of any such design; neither could I reasonably conceive that the emperor would discover the secret, while I was out of his power; wherein, however, it soon appeared I was deceived.
-- As for your-self,' continued the king, 'who have spent the greatest part of your life in travelling, I am well disposed to hope you may hitherto have escaped many vices of your country.
-- A strange effect of narrow principles and views!that a prince possessed of every quality which procures venera-tion, love, and esteem; of strong parts, great wisdom, and profound learning, endowed with admirable talents, and almost adored by his subjects, should, from a nice, unneces-sary scruple, whereof in Europe we can have no conception, let slip an opportunity put into his hands that would have made him absolute master of the lives, the liberties, and the fortunes of his people!Neither do I say this, with the least intention to detract from the many virtues of that excellent king, whose character, I am sensible, will, on this account, be very much lessened in the opinion of an English reader: but I take this defect among them to have risen from their ignorance, by not having hitherto reduced politics into a science, as the more acute wits of Europe have done.
-- I had hitherto seen only one side of the academy, the other being appropriated to the advancers of speculative learning, of whom I shall say something, when I have mentioned one illustrious person more, who is called among them 'the uni-versal artist.'
-- But the success has not hitherto been answerable, partly by some error in the quantum or composition, and partly by the perverseness of lads, to whom this bolus is so nauseous, that they generally steal aside, and discharge it upwards, before it can operate; neither have they been yet persuaded to use so long an ab-stinence, as the prescription requires.
在查尔斯·狄更斯的《艰难时世》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- Did he see himself, a white-haired decrepit man, bending his hitherto inflexible theories to appointed circumstances; making his facts and figures subservient to Faith, Hope, and Charity; and no longer trying to grind that Heavenly trio in his dusty little mills?
在儒勒·凡尔纳的《地心游记》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- Hitherto our courage and determination had overcome all difficulties.
-- My uncle had full confidence in finding subterranean resources, but hitherto we had completely failed in so doing.
-- The lowest known depth to which man had hitherto penetrated was in the mines of Kitzbuhel, in the Tirol, and those of Wurttemberg.
-- Nevertheless, after the first few moments of terror were over, I was ashamed of my suspicions against a man who hitherto had behaved so admirably.
-- I began not even to feel the deep fatigue which hitherto had overpowered me.
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